Studies have shown that visual breed identification of dogs is often highly inaccurate.
A 2018 study by Arizona State University researchers found that shelter staff correctly identified a dog's primary or secondary breed only 67% of the time. When more than one breed was involved, which is usually the case at an animal shelter, the accuracy dropped to just 10%.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180823140949.htm
Another study published in 2013 revealed that fewer than half of 923 participants could correctly identify any breed in a dog's DNA analysis for 70% of the dogs. Additionally, for only 35% of the dogs could even half of the observers agree on a predominant breed.
NATIONAL CANINE RESEARCH COUNCIL https://nationalcanineresearchcouncil.com/research_library/visual-breed-identification-a-literature-review/
These findings highlight the challenges and limitations of relying on visual assessments for breed identification in shelters.
As an advocate for the well-being of animals, the California Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Inc. (California SPCA) is calling for a fundamental shift in how we label dogs in shelters. We recommend that all animal shelters adopt a universal “mixed” breed label for all dogs. This change aligns with scientific research, improves adoption outcomes, reduces bias, and protects adopters from potential breed-based discrimination by landlords, insurance companies, and other entities.
The Case for Change
The universal “mixed” label is 100% scientifically accurate, simple to implement, and fosters a fairer, more equitable adoption process for all dogs.
Benefits of Adopting the “Mixed” Label for Shelter Dogs
- Reduces Discrimination and Increases Adoptions
Breed-based discrimination remains a significant issue for many dog adopters. Landlords and homeowners’ and renters’ insurance companies often deny coverage or impose additional fees for certain breeds based on breed-specific legislation and policies. These restrictions are frequently rooted in inaccurate assumptions about breed behavior and temperament. By labeling dogs simply as “mixed,” shelters can help reduce this type of discrimination, allowing adopters greater freedom in finding housing and affordable insurance. This simple shift enables a broader range of adopters to welcome dogs into their homes without fear of unfair restrictions or fees.
- Encourages Focus on Individual Traits and Behavior
Labels can lead adopters to assume certain behavioral traits based on perceived breed, which often results in mismatched expectations. Dogs, regardless of breed, are unique individuals whose behavior and temperament cannot be reliably predicted based on appearance alone. By eliminating specific breed labels, shelters encourage adopters to engage with each dog based on personality, energy level, and compatibility with their lifestyle, rather than relying on generalized or inaccurate breed stereotypes. This person-centered approach fosters successful and lasting adoptions.
- Aligns with Scientific Research on Canine Genetics
Advances in canine genetics have shown that ALL dogs are a blend of multiple breeds and that visual identification is not a reliable method for determining breed composition. The “mixed” label reflects the diversity found in nearly all dogs’ genetics and respects the scientific understanding that breed alone does not determine behavior or health. By adopting this label, shelters align themselves with scientifically sound practices and demonstrate a commitment to accuracy and transparency.
- Reduces Liability and Compliance Concerns
Breed-specific legislation and policies can place shelters in challenging positions, particularly regarding liability. Mislabeling dogs can lead to liability issues if breed restrictions impact adopters or if misidentification inadvertently violates local breed-specific laws. By using a “mixed” label, shelters avoid inadvertently misrepresenting a dog’s breed, thus reducing liability risks associated with breed misidentification.
- Supports Equity and Fairness for Dogs of All Types
Certain breeds, especially bully breeds, are often unfairly stigmatized in shelter environments, leading to lower adoption rates. These biases contribute to longer shelter stays and higher kill rates for certain types of dogs. Labeling all dogs as “mixed” creates a more equitable approach, allowing all dogs to be viewed without preconceptions and giving them an equal chance at finding a loving home.
- Improves Shelter Operations and Simplifies Processes
Assigning breed labels based on appearance alone can consume significant staff time and resources. Implementing a universal “mixed” label is not only more accurate but also more efficient. This change simplifies intake processes, reduces the administrative burden, and allows shelter staff to focus on more critical tasks, such as behavioral assessments, enrichment, and adopter education.
Call to Action
We urge all animal shelters, rescue organizations, and humane societies to adopt the universal “mixed” label for all dogs. This change is a critical step toward a more scientifically sound, fair, and humane sheltering system. By eliminating breed labels, shelters can help create a more inclusive and supportive environment for adopters and dogs alike.
The California SPCA is committed to advancing practices that prioritize the well-being of animals and adopters. We believe this shift to a universal “mixed” label will help dismantle breed-based discrimination, encourage equitable adoption opportunities, and foster a more compassionate society for all dogs. We welcome shelters across California and beyond to join us in embracing this approach, ensuring that every dog has the best chance to find a loving, permanent home, free from the constraints of inaccurate breed labels.